개요
Titanium powder is a versatile metallic material valued for its unique combination of high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. As a powder, titanium facilitates advanced manufacturing techniques like metal injection molding (MIM), additive manufacturing (AM), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and powder metallurgy (PM) pressing and sintering to create complex titanium components.
Key applications for titanium powder include aerospace components, medical implants, automotive parts, sporting equipment, chemical processing, and consumer products. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of titanium powder, including production methods, alloy compositions, characteristics, properties, specifications, applications, and global suppliers. It aims to assist engineers, product designers, and technical program managers in selecting and using 티타늄 분말.
Production of Titanium Powder
Titanium powder is produced using the following primary methods:
티타늄 분말 생산 방법
- 가스 분무 – High pressure inert gas disintegrates molten titanium into spherical powder
- 플라즈마 원자화 – Titanium electrode arcs create ultrafine spherical powder
- Hydriding/Dehydriding – Titanium hydride powder (TiO2) is dehydrided into fine powders
- 기계적 밀링 – Ball milling breaks down titanium chips into irregular particles
- 혈장 스페로이드화 – Irregular powder melted in plasma to produce spherical shapes
Gas atomization and mechanical milling are most common, creating spherical and angular powder shapes respectively. Additional screening, conditioning, and blending create application-specific particle size distributions.
Compositions of Titanium Powder
While commercially pure 티타늄 분말 are available, most powders for industrial uses contain small amounts of alloying elements:
Common Titanium Powder Compositions
| 합금 | 주요 합금 원소 | 주요 특징 |
|---|---|---|
| CP Titanium | 99.5%+ Ti | 뛰어난 내식성 |
| Ti-6Al-4V | 6% Al, 4% V | High strength, heat treatable |
| Ti-6Al-7Nb | 6% Al, 7% Nb | 고강도, 생체 적합성 |
| Ti-555 | 5% Al, 5% Mo, 5% V | 열처리, 기계 가공 가능 |
| Ti-1023 | 10% V, 2% Fe, 3% Al | 높은 강도, 우수한 연성 |
Aluminum, vanadium, and niobium are common additions to enhance strength and workability. Trace boron, carbon, iron, and oxygen also appear.
Alloying tailors microstructure, hardness, machinability, and other properties while retaining excellent corrosion resistance.
Characteristics of Titanium Powders
Key characteristics of titanium powder include:
티타늄 분말 특성
| 특성 | 일반적인 값 | 중요성 |
|---|---|---|
| 입자 크기 | 10 - 150 미크론 | Sintering behavior, surface finish |
| 파티클 모양 | Spherical, angular, dendritic | Powder flow and packing density |
| 겉보기 밀도 | 1.5 – 4.0 g/cc | Pressing and handling behavior |
| 탭 밀도 | 2.5 - 4.5g/cc | Indicator of compressibility |
| 홀 유량 | 25 - 35 초/50g | 분말 유동성 |
| 점화 시 손실 | 0.1 – 0.5 wt% | Oxygen and moisture content |
| Pyrophoricity | 없음 | Flammability and handling precautions |
Particle size distribution and powder shape significantly impact powder flow, compaction, sintering response, and density of pressed and sintered parts. Apparent density indicates powder compressibility.
속성 티타늄 분말
Key titanium powder properties include:
Titanium Powder Properties
| 속성 | Pure Ti | Ti-6Al-4V | Ti-6Al-7Nb |
|---|---|---|---|
| 밀도 | 4.5g/cc | 4.43g/cc | 4.52g/cc |
| 인장 강도 | 240 MPa | 930 MPa | 900 MPa |
| 수율 강도 | 170 MPa | 860 MPa | 825 MPa |
| 신장 | 24% | 10% | 15% |
| 탄성 계수 | 102 GPa | 114 GPa | 105GPa |
| 경도 | 80 HB | 334 HB | 321 HB |
| Heat Capacity | 522 J/kg·K | 526 J/kg·K | 527 J/kg·K |
| 열 전도성 | 7.2 W/m·K | 7.2 W/m·K | 6.7 W/m-K |
Alloying with aluminum, vanadium, and niobium enhances strength and hardness significantly. Specific properties depend heavily on final microstructure.
티타늄 분말의 응용
Key applications for titanium powder include:
Titanium Powder Applications
| 산업 | 용도 | Key Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| 항공우주 | Structural components, turbine blades, fasteners | 높은 중량 대비 강도 비율 |
| 의료 | Orthopedic implants, dental implants, surgical tools | 생체 적합성, 내식성 |
| 자동차 | 커넥팅 로드, 밸브, 스프링, 패스너 | Light weighting, performance |
| 화학 | Tanks, pipes, valves, pumps | 내식성 |
| 스포츠 용품 | Golf clubs, bicycles, helmets | Strength, tailored mechanical properties |
| 석유화학 | 다운홀 공구, 유정 부품 | Strength, corrosion resistance |
Titanium’s unique properties make it attractive for reducing weight in aerospace components while maintaining mechanical integrity in extreme environments.
Excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance drive usage in orthopedic and dental implants. The ability to tailor titanium’s properties facilitates sporting goods with specialized performance characteristics.
Specifications for Titanium Powders
Titanium powder compositions and quality are defined by various standard specifications:
Titanium Powder Standards
| 표준 | 범위 | 입자 크기 | 순도 | 화학 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM B348 | Grade 1-4 unalloyed Ti powder | -635 mesh | 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.95% Ti | O, C, N, H limits |
| ASTM B801 | Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder | -635 mesh | Ti, Al, V composition ranges | Interstitial limits |
| ISO 23301 | Additive manufacturing Ti powder | 10-45 미크론 | 99.5%+ Ti | O, N, C, H, Fe limits |
| AMS 4992 | Aerospace grade Ti-6Al-4V powder | -150 mesh | Ti, Al, V composition ranges | Interstitial limits |
These define acceptable levels of alloying additions, impurities like oxygen/nitrogen/carbon, particle size distributions, and other test methods relevant for different applications.
글로벌 공급업체 티타늄 분말
Many major corporations produce titanium powders along with smaller regional manufacturers:
티타늄 분말 제조업체
| 공급업체 | 생산 방법 | 재료 | 기능 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATI 금속 | 가스 분무 | Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-1023, pure Ti | Wide alloy range, large volumes |
| 프렉스에어 | 가스 분무 | Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti | Small lots, rapid delivery |
| 목수 첨가제 | Gas atomization, hydride-dehydride | Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb, pure Ti | Custom alloys, small lots |
| AP&C | 플라즈마 분무 | CP Ti, Ti 합금 | Ultrafine 10-45 micron powder |
| Tekna | 혈장 구상화 | Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti | Convert chips into spherical powder |
| Baoji Hanz Titanium | 하이드레이딩 | CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V | Low costChinese producer |
Many supply both standard and custom alloy compositions. Some provide toll processing of scrap and chips into powder.
Selecting Titanium Powder
Key considerations for selecting titanium powder include:
- 합금 구성 – Balances desired properties like strength, ductility, hardness
- 순도 수준 – Affects mechanical properties and microstructure
- 입자 크기 및 모양 – Influences powder flow, density, surface finish
- 겉보기 및 탭 밀도 – Indicates compressibility and sintering response
- 화학적 호환성 – For service conditions like acids or salt water
- 샘플링 절차 – Representative testing of powder lots
- 품질 인증 – ISO 9001, AS9100, etc.
- 기술 전문성 from powder producer
Samples builds and prototypes help qualify new alloys and powders for a given application. Work closely with reputable suppliers to obtain well-characterized titanium powder for optimal results.
자주 묻는 질문
What is the benefit of plasma atomized titanium powder?
Plasma atomization produces very spherical, flowing particles typically 10-45 microns in size. This allows excellent sintered density and surface finish.
What causes titanium powder to be pyrophoric?
Pyrophoric titanium powders ignite spontaneously in air. This is caused by extremely small particle sizes below 10 microns which greatly increase surface area and reactivity. Use inert gas handling for pyrophoric powders.
How does particle shape influence titanium powder properties?
Spherical powder flows well and provides higher and more uniform density and mechanical properties. Irregular powder offers better green strength and compressibility but less predictable shrinkage.
What post-processing can improve titanium powder reuse?
Screening, milling, and thermal treatments allow reuse of off-spec powders. Plasma spheroidization converts chips and coarser particles into spherical powder feedstock.
What standards apply to additive manufacturing of titanium parts?
ASTM F3001-14 covers characterization and quality control of Ti alloy powder for AM. ASTM F2924-14 gives standard test methods for evaluating mechanical properties of AM titanium.
Can you 3D print a titanium and steel composite structure?
Yes, some metal 3D printing processes transition between titanium and stainless steel alloys within one part by precise material switching to build bimetallic components.
결론
Titanium powder provides engineers great flexibility to build high performance components thanks to the metal’s unique properties. Careful selection of powder characteristics and close collaboration with experienced suppliers enables optimal results across many critical applications. Ongoing advances continue to expand the capabilities, quality, and cost-effectiveness of titanium powder metallurgy processes.
